Saturday 23 January 2016

Question on IP Summarization

Q1. Summarize the network given below:

172.16.0.0/24

172.16.1.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.0/24

Q2. Summarize the network given below:

172.16.4.0/24
172.16.5.0/24
172.16.6.0/24
172.16.128.0/24

Q3. Summarize the network given below:

172.1.4.0/25
172.1.4.128/25
172.1.5.0/24
172.1.6.0/24
172.1.7.0/24

Q4. Summarize the network given below:

192.168.1.0/24

192.168.2.0/24

192.168.3.0/24

192.168.4.0/24

Q5. Summarize the network given below:

192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.4.0/24
192.168.5.0/24
192.168.6.0/24
192.168.7.0/24

Q6. Summarize the network given below:

192.168.112.0/24
192.168.113.0/24
192.168.114.0/24
192.168.115.0/24
192.168.116.0/24
192.168.117.0/24
192.168.118.0/24
192.168.119.0/24

Q7. Summarize the network given below:

10.1.1.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.1.3.0/24
10.1.4.0/24

Q8. Summarize the network given below:

10.10.1.0/27
10.10.1.32/28
10.10.1.48/26
10.10.1.64/25
10.10.1.128/25

Q9. Summarize the network given below:

10.10.1.0/27
10.10.1.32/28
10.10.1.48/28
10.10.1.64/26
10.10.1.128/29
10.10.1.136/29
10.10.1.144/28

Best of Luck !

Answers

Ans.1 172.16.0.0/22

Ans.2 172.16.0.0/16

Ans.3 172.1.4.0/22

Ans.4 192.168.0.0/21

Ans.5 192.168.0.0/21

Ans.6 192.168.112.0/21

Ans.7 10.1.0.0/21

Ans.8 10.10.1.0/24

Ans.9 10.10.1.0/24

Friday 15 January 2016

Difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model

Hello Friends,
Now I am Telling You Difference Between OSI and TCP/IP Model

Main Difference:

The OSI and TCP/IP stands for Open Systems Interconnection and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol respectively. The main difference between OSI and TCP/IP is that OSI model is a reference model while TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.

OSI VS TCP/IP

OSI:

OSI is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a computing or telecommunication system irrespective of their underlying structure and technology being used. The goal of OSI model is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. It partitions a communication system in abstraction layers. The original version of OSI model defined seven layers. A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For example, a layer that provides the error-free communication across the network provides the path needed by the application above it, while it calls the next layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. Two instances at the same layer are visualized as connected by a horizontal connection in that layer.

TCP/IP:

TCP/IP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). It is the basic communication language or protocol of the internet. It can be used as a communications protocol in a private network either an intranet or an extranet. TCP/IP is a two layer program. The upper or higher layer TCP, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer IP, handles the address part of each packet to get the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they will be reassembled at the destination.

Differences:

Following are the key notable differences between OSI and TCP/IP.

The OSI model is a “generic, protocol-independent standard”. The TCP/IP are regarded as the standard around which the internet has developed.
TCP/IP is a simple model because of fewer layers (four) as compare to OSI that defined seven layers in original version.
TCP/IP is more reliable model as compare to OSI model because the internet was developed around it.
The OSI model is bottom to up process of network connection whereas the TCP/IP is the top to bottom process structure for internet purpose.
The TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical into network access layer.
OSI model is a reference model while TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.

Watch video about OSI VS TCP/IP

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What Is TCP/IP Model

Hello Friends,

I am Telling You already about OSI Model but now I am telling You TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP model

Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2

The TCP/IP model

TCP/IP is based on a four-layer reference model. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP protocol suite are located in the top three layers of this model.

As shown in the following illustration, each layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

The types of services performed and protocols used at each layer within the TCP/IP model are described in more detail in the following table.

Layer	Description	Protocols
Application	Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services to use the network.	HTTP, Telnet, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, DNS, SMTP, X Windows, other application protocols
Transport	Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data.	TCP, UDP, RTP
Internet	Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. Performs routing of IP datagrams.	IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP
Network interface	Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.	Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay, RS-232, v.35

For more information about ARP, IP, ICMP, IGMP, UDP, and TCP, see Understanding TCP/IP.

Note

The OSI reference model is not specific to TCP/IP. It was developed by the ISO in the late 1970s as a framework for describing all functions required of an open interconnected network. It is a widely known and accepted reference model in the data communications field and is used here only for comparison purposes.